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The 1998 model

Kingdom Animalia

In 1993, Cavalier-Smith classified Myxozoa as a protozoan parvkingdom. By 1998, he had reclassified it as an animal subkingdom. Myxozoa contains three phyla, Myxosporidia, Haplosporidia, and Paramyxia, which were reclassified as animals along with Myxozoa. Likewise, Cavalier-Smith reclassified the protozoan phylum Mesozoa as an animal subkingdom.

In his 1998 scheme, the animal kingdom was divided into four subkingdoms:

Radiata (phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Placozoa, and Ctenophora),
Myxozoa,
Mesozoa, and
Bilateria (all other animal phyla).

He created five new animal phyla:

Acanthognatha (rotifers, acanthocephalans, gastrotrichs, and gnathostomulids),
Brachiozoa (brachiopods and phoronids),
Lobopoda (onychophorans and tardigrades),
Kamptozoa (Entoprocta and Symbion), and
Nemathelminthes (Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Loricifera, Priapulida, and Kinorhyncha)

and recognized a total of 23 animal phyla, as shown here:

Kingdom Animaia
- Subkingdom Radiata
  - Infrakingdom Spongiaria
    - Phylum Porifera
  - Infrakingdom Coelenterata
    - Phylum Cnidaria
    - Phylum Ctenophora
  - Infrakingdom Placozoa
    - Phylum Placozoa
- Subkingdom Myxozoa
  - Phylum Myxosporidia
- Subkingdom Bilateria
  - Branch Protostomia
    - Infrakingdom Lophozoa
      - Superphylum Polyzoa
        Phylum Bryozoa
        
        Phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta and Cycliophora)
      - Superphylum Conchozoa
        Phylum Mollusca
        
        Phylum Brachiozoa sensu lato (Brachiozoa and Phoronida)
      - Superphylum Sipuncula
        Phylum Sipuncula
      - Superphylum Vermizoa
        Phylum Nemertina
        
        Phylum Annelida
    - Infrakingdom Chaetognathi
      - Phylum Chaetognatha
    - Infrakingdom Ecdysozoa
      - Superphylum Nemathelminthes
        Phylum Nemathelminthes (Nematoda and Nematomorpha; Priapozoa, Kinorhyncha and Loricifera)
      - Superphylum Haemopoda
        Phylum Lobopodia (Onychophora and Tardigrada)
        
        Phylum Arthropoda
    - Infrakingdom Platyzoa
      - Phylum Platyhelminthes (incl. Xenacoelomorpha)
      - Phylum Acanthognatha (incl. Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Gnathostomulida, Gastrotricha)
  - Branch Deuterostomia
    - Infrakingdom Coelomopora
      - Phylum Echinodermata
      - Phylum Hemichordata
    - Infrakingdom Chordonia
      - Phylum Urochorda
      - Phylum Chordata
- Subkingdom Mesozoa
  - Phylum Mesozoa^[1]

The eighth kingdom: Archezoa

In 1983, Cavalier-Smith adapted the term Archezoa, previously used by Haeckel, Perty, and for protists that lack mitochondria.^[2] TInitially, the taxon included the quite unrelated metamonads and microscopridia, and expanded to include other unreleated taxa such that the term referred to many different groupings of protists. ^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] He originally considered it as a subkingdom, but by 1989, with the establishment of Chromista as separate kingdom, he treated it as a kingdom.^[19]

Composition of Archezoa ^[20]
	1983a	1983b	1987	1989	1990	1991	1993	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
Diplomonads	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Retortamonads	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Oxymonads	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Microspora	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Hypermastigids	+	+	+
Trichomonads	+	+	+
Mastigamoebids			+	+	+	+	+	+
Pelomyxa		+	+	+	+	+
Entamoeba		+	+	+	+	+
Phreatamoeba						+	+
Trimastix											+

Archezoa is now defunct.^[21] He now assigns former members of the kingdom Archezoa to the phylum Amoebozoa.^[22]

^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ <ref> sai; không có nội dung trong thẻ ref có tên 1998-08
^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). “Eukaryotes with no mitochondria”. Nature. 326 (6111): 332–333. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..332C. doi:10.1038/326332a0. PMID 3561476.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1983. A six-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. Endocytobiology 2:1027–1034.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1987. Eukaryotes with no mitochondria. Nature (London) 326:332–333.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1987 The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503:17–54.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1989. Archaebacteria and Archezoa. Nature (London) 339:100–101.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1990. Microorganism megaevolution: integrating the fossil and living evidence. Revue de Micropalêontologie 33:145–154.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1991. Archamoebae: the ancestral eukaryotes? Biosystems 25:25–38.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. . The evolution of cells. pp 271–304 in S. Osawa and T. Honjo, eds. Evolution of life. Springer, Berlin.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1992. Percolozoa and the symbiotic origin of the metakaryote cell. Endocytobiology 5:399–406.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 Phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57:953–994.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1995. Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification. Cytology 37:1010–1029.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1997. Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms Eozoa and Neozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde 147:237–258.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1997. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the evolution and classification of protozoa. Page 65 in Programme and abstracts, Tenth International Congress of Protozoology, Sydney.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1998. A revised six–kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 73:203–266.
^ Cavalier Smith, T. 1999. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of protozoa. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 196: 393–395.
^ Cavalier-Smith, T.and Chao, E. 1995. The opalozoan Apusomonas is related to the common ancestor of animals, fungi and choanoflagellates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 261:1–6.
^ Cavalier-Smith, T.and Chao, E. 1996. Molecular diversity of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43:551–563.
^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ <ref> sai; không có nội dung trong thẻ ref có tên nat1989
^ Patterson, D. J. 1999. The diversity of eukaryotes. American Naturalist, Supplement 65: 96-124.
^ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E. E. (1996). “Molecular phylogeny of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote”. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 43 (6): 551–62. Bibcode:1996JMolE..43..551C. doi:10.1007/BF02202103. PMID 8995052. S2CID 28992966.
^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). “Only six kingdoms of life”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1545): 1251–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC 1691724. PMID 15306349.

[1998-08-1] Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ <ref> sai; không có nội dung trong thẻ ref có tên 1998-08

[2] Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). “Eukaryotes with no mitochondria”. Nature. 326 (6111): 332–333. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..332C. doi:10.1038/326332a0. PMID 3561476.

[3] Cavalier Smith, T. 1983. A six-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. Endocytobiology 2:1027–1034.

[4] Cavalier Smith, T. 1987. Eukaryotes with no mitochondria. Nature (London) 326:332–333.

[5] Cavalier Smith, T. 1987 The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503:17–54.

[6] Cavalier Smith, T. 1989. Archaebacteria and Archezoa. Nature (London) 339:100–101.

[7] Cavalier Smith, T. 1990. Microorganism megaevolution: integrating the fossil and living evidence. Revue de Micropalêontologie 33:145–154.

[8] Cavalier Smith, T. 1991. Archamoebae: the ancestral eukaryotes? Biosystems 25:25–38.

[9] Cavalier Smith, T. . The evolution of cells. pp 271–304 in S. Osawa and T. Honjo, eds. Evolution of life. Springer, Berlin.

[10] Cavalier Smith, T. 1992. Percolozoa and the symbiotic origin of the metakaryote cell. Endocytobiology 5:399–406.

[11] Cavalier Smith, T. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 Phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57:953–994.

[12] Cavalier Smith, T. 1995. Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification. Cytology 37:1010–1029.

[13] Cavalier Smith, T. 1997. Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms Eozoa and Neozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde 147:237–258.

[14] Cavalier Smith, T. 1997. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the evolution and classification of protozoa. Page 65 in Programme and abstracts, Tenth International Congress of Protozoology, Sydney.

[15] Cavalier Smith, T. 1998. A revised six–kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 73:203–266.

[16] Cavalier Smith, T. 1999. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of protozoa. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 196: 393–395.

[17] Cavalier-Smith, T.and Chao, E. 1995. The opalozoan Apusomonas is related to the common ancestor of animals, fungi and choanoflagellates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 261:1–6.

[18] Cavalier-Smith, T.and Chao, E. 1996. Molecular diversity of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43:551–563.

[nat1989-19] Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ <ref> sai; không có nội dung trong thẻ ref có tên nat1989

[20] Patterson, D. J. 1999. The diversity of eukaryotes. American Naturalist, Supplement 65: 96-124.

[21] Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E. E. (1996). “Molecular phylogeny of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote”. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 43 (6): 551–62. Bibcode:1996JMolE..43..551C. doi:10.1007/BF02202103. PMID 8995052. S2CID 28992966.

[22] Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). “Only six kingdoms of life”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1545): 1251–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC 1691724. PMID 15306349.

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