English: In adopting an erect attitude, humanity has distorted its rostral-caudal axis as shown in the bent red double-headed arrow. The brain accordingly has anatomical axes out of line with non-bipedal mammals, and, as shown in the yellow arrows, at odds with the Standard Anatomical Position .

The directions of the arrows are annotated as follows:
Red axis showing how the head bent forward as the back pointed upwards:
c: Caudal
r: Rostral
The Yellow axes show the conventions for naming the directions in the brain itself:
c: Caudal (although it is not the tail direction),
d: Dorsal
r: Rostral (effectively unchanged)

v: Ventral (although it is not the belly direction)